Starley Cross Community Safety Project

Baumeister, R. F., and Leary, M. R. (1995). ‘The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation’. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.

 

Beccaria, C. and Voltaire. (1767) An Essay on Crimes and Punishments. London: Printed for J. Almon.

 

Berends, M. (1995) ‘Educational Stratification and Students' Social Bonding to School.’ British Journal of Sociology of Education, 327-351.

 

Bernard, T., Vold, G., Snipes, J., and Gerould, A. (2010) Vold's Theoretical Criminology. New York: Oxford University Press.

 

Bhunu, C., and Mushayabasa, S. (2012) ‘Prostitution and Drug (Alcohol) Misuse: The Menacing Combination’. Journal of Biological Systems, 20(02), 177-193.

 

Block, R. D., and Bernasco, W. (2009) 'Finding a Serial Burglar's Home Using Distance, Decay and Conditional origin-destination patterns: A Test of Empirical Bayes journey-to-crime estimation in The Hague. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 6, 187-211.

 

Braga, A. and Clarke, R. (2014) ‘Explaining High-Risk Concentrations of Crime in the City: Social Disorganization, Crime Opportunities, and Important Next Steps’. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 51(4), 480-498.

 

Bursik,R. J., JR. (1988). ‘Social disorganisation and theories of crime and delinquency problems and perspectives’. Criminology, 26, 519-551.

 

Bursik,R. J., JR., and Grasmick, H. G. (1993) Neighbourhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective community control. New York, NY: Lexington Books .

 

Cho, B. (2014). ‘Social Bonds, Self-Control and Deviance of Korean Adolescents’. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, [online] 4(9), p.1. Available from <http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_9_1_July_2014/1.pdf> [Accessed 22 Dec 2015].

 

Clarke, R.V. (1997) Situational Crime Prevention. New York: Harrow and Heston Publishers.

 

Clarke, R.V. and Eck, J. (2003) Become a Problem-solving Crime Analyst- in 55 Steps. London: Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, ULC.

 

Cornish, D.B. and Clarke R.V. (2003) ‘Opportunities, Precipitators and Criminal Decisions’, in Crime Prevention Studies 16. ed. by Smith, M., and Cornish, D. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

 

Cozens, P. M., Saville, G., and Hillier, D. (2005) 'Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED): A Review and modern bibliography. Property Management, 23, 328-356.

 

Cozens, P., and Love, T. (2015) 'A Review and Current Status of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)'. Journal of Planning Literature 30(4) 393-412.

Croall H (2010) ‘Social Class, Social Exclusion, Victims and Crime’. In Victims, Crime and Society. ed. by Davies, P., Francis, P., and Greer, C. London: Sage, 50-77.

 

Crowe, T. (2000) Crime Prevention through Environmental Design: Applications of Architectural Design and Space Management Concepts, 2nd Ed. Oxford UK: Butterworth- Heinemann.

 

Dubow, F., and Podolefsky, A. (1979). Citizen participation in collective responses to crime. Evanston, IL: Centre for Urban Affairs.

 

Farrington, D. (2016) Developmental and Life-Course Criminology: Key Theoretical and Empirical Issues - The 2002 Sutherland Award Address Address 41 Criminology 2003. [online] available from <http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/crim41&div=18&id=&page=> [04 January 2016].

 

Field, J. (2003) Social Capital. London: Routledge.

 

Foster, J. (2000) ‘Social Exclusion, Crime and Drugs’. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 7(4), 317-330

 

Freilich, J. (2014) ‘Beccaria and Situational Crime Prevention’. Criminal Justice Review 40(2), 131-150

 

Fyson, R., and Yates, J. (2011) ‘Anti-social behaviour Orders and Young People with Learning Disabilities’. Critical Social Policy 31(1), 102-125

 

Gele, J. Z., and Elder, G. H. (1998) Methods of Life Course Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

 

Gottfredson, M.R., and Hirschi, T. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

 

Harper, K. (2015) Prevention & Safety | Burlington Crime & Community. [online]  available from <http://cdonohue.com/burlington-crime-community/?cat=9> [28 December 2015].

 

Hick, R. (2015) ‘Poverty, Preference or Pensioners? Measuring Material Deprivation in The UK’. Fiscal Studies (34)1, 31-54.

 

Hirschi, T. (1969) Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

 

Holborn, M., and Steel, L. (2011) Student Support Materials for AQA A2 Sociology. London: Collins Education. Print.

 

Home Office (2005) Community Cohesion: SEVEN STEPS. [online] available from <http://www.tedcantle.co.uk/publications/015%20Community%20cohesion%20seven%20steps%20%20Community%20Cohesion%20Unit%20.pdf> [20 December 2015]

 

Hope, T. (1995) ‘Community Crime Prevention’. Crime and Justice 19, 21-90.

 

Huisman, W., and van Erp, J. (2013) ‘Opportunities for Environmental Crime: A Test of Situational Crime Prevention Theory’. British Journal of Criminology 53(6), 1178-1200.

 

Jacobs, J. (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities. London UK: Jonathon Cope.

 

Jewkes, J,. and Letherby, G. (2002) Criminology: A Reader. London: Sage

 

Kang, J H. (2011) ‘Participation in the Community Social Control, the Neighbourhood Watch Groups: Individual- and Neighbourhood- Related Factors’. Crime & Delinquency 61(2), 188-212.

 

Lavrakas, P.J., Normoyle, J., Skogan, W. G., Hertz, E. J., Salem, C., and Lewis, D. A. (1980) Factors Relating to Citizen Involvement in Personal Household, and Neighbourhood Anti -Crime Measures. Final report. National Institute of Justice. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, Centre for Urban Affairs and Policy Research.

 

Lee, D. (2010) ‘Understanding and Applying Situational Crime Prevention Strategies’. Criminal Justice Policy Review 21(3), 263-268

 

Longshore, D., Chang, E., and Messina, N. (2005). ‘Self-control and social bonds: A combined control perspective on juvenile offending.’ Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 21(4), 419-437.

 

MacDonald, J. E., and Gifford, R. (1989) 'Territorial cues and defensible space theory: The Burglars point of view'. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9, 193-205.

 

Macintyre, S. (2001) Burglar Decision Making. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University.

 

Marcus, B. (2004). ‘Self-control in general theory of crime: Theoretical implications of a measurement problem’. Theoretical Criminology, 8(1), 33-55.

 

McCrystal, P., Percy, A., and Higgins, K. (2007) ‘Exclusion and Marginalisation in Adolescence: The Experience of School Exclusion on Drug Use and Antisocial Behaviour’. Journal of Youth Studies 10(1), 35-54

 

Merry, S. E. (1981) 'Defensible Space undefended: Social factors in crime control through environmental design'. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 16, 397-422.

National Lottery Fund (n.d.) Good practice guides for organisations working with young people [online] available from <https://www.biglotteryfund.org.uk/-/media/files/Research%20Documents/er-gp-active_citizenship.pdf> [16th December 2015]

 

Newman, O. (1972) Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design. New York: Macmillan.

 

Newman, O. (1973) Defensible Space: People and Design in the Violent City. London U: Architectural Press.

 

Poyner, B. (1993) 'What works in crime prevention: an overview of evaluations'. in Crime Prevention Studies (1) ed. by Clarke R. V. Monsey, New York: Criminal Justice Press.

 

Pratt, T.C., & Cullen, F.T. (2000). ’The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime: A meta-analysis’. Criminology, 38(3), 931-964.

References

 

Reynald, D. M. (2010) ‘Defensible Space2019. in Encyclopaedia of Victimology and Crime Prevention, ed. by Labs, S., and Fisher, B. Thousand Oaks CA: SAGE.

 

Reynald, D. M. (2011) Guarding Against Crime: Measuring Guardianship within Routine Activity Theory. London, UK: Ashgate.

 

Reynald, D. M. (2015) 'Environmental Design and Crime Events'. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 31(1), 71-89.

Reynald, D. M., and Elffers, H. (2009) ‘The Future of Newman's Defensible Space Theory: Linking Defensible Space and the Routine Activities of Place’. European Journal of Criminology 6(1), 25-46

 

Rosenburn, DP. (1987) The Theory and Research Behind Neighbourhood Watch: Is It a Sound Fear and Crime Reduction Strategy? : Crime and Delinquency 33(1), 103-134.

 

Sakai, T. (1994) ‘Toward Existential Phenomenology From Structural-Functionalism In Approaching Family Problem’. KASYA (6)6.

 

Sampsom, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., and Earls, F. (1997) 'Neighbourhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy'. Science, 277, 918-924.

 

Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (1989) ‘Community Structure and crime; testing social disorganisation theory’. American Journal of Criminology Sociology, 94,774-802.

 

Saville, G., and Cleveland, G. (2008) 'Second-generation CPTED: The rise and fall of opportunity theory'. in 21st Century Security and CPTED: Designing for critical Infrastructure Protection and Crime Prevention, ed. by Atlas, R. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis. 79-90.

 

Schneider, R., and Kitchen, T. (2002) Planning for Crime Prevention: A Transatlantic Perspective. London UK: Routledge.

 

Seddon, T. (2005) ‘Drugs, Crime and Social Exclusion: Social Context and Social Theory in British Drugs-Crime Research’. British Journal of Criminology 46(4), 680-703.

 

Simpson, A. L. (1976). ‘Rehabilitation as the justification of a separate juvenile justice system’. California Law Review, 64(4), 984–1017.

 

Smith, M. (2015). Neighbourhoods and regeneration - theory, practice, issues. [online] Infed.org. Available at: <http://www.infed.org/community/neighbourhoods_and_regeneration.htm>  [27th  December 2015].

 

Surratt, H., Inciardi, J., Kurtz, S. and Kiley, M. (2004) ‘Sex Work and Drug Use in a Subculture of Violence’. Crime & Delinquency 50(1), 43-59.

 

Taylor, C. (2001). ‘The relation between social and self-control: Tracing Hirschi’s criminological career’. Theoretical Criminology, 5(3), 369-388.

 

Tilley, N. (2005) Handbook Of Crime Prevention And Community Safety. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.

 

Waples, S., Gill, M. and Fisher, P. (2009) ‘Does CCTV Displace Crime?’ Criminology and Criminal Justice 9(2), 207-224

 

Watson, J. (1999) Poverty and Crime Criminal Law 24 LawNow 1999-2000. [online] Available from <http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/lanow24&div=76&id=&page=> [04 January 2016].

 

Webber, C. (2007) ‘Revaluating Relative Deprivation Theory’. Theoretical Criminology 11(1),97-120

 

Welsh, B. and Farrington, D. (2003) ‘Effects of Closed-Circuit Television on Crime’. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 587(1), 110-135

 

Welsh, B. and Farrington, D. (2010) ‘The Future of Crime Prevention: Developmental and Situational Strategies’. National Institute of Justice.

 

White, R. and Haines, F. (1996) Crime and Criminology. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press

 

Wilson, J. Q. and Kelling, G. L. (1982) 'Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety’'. Atlantic Monthly, March, 29-38.

 

Wortley, R. (2002) Situational Prison Control: Crime Prevention in Correctional Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

 

Young, J. (1999) The Exclusive Society. London: Sage.